As
we Know that the Importance of Dec 25 , ie
Christmas. The whole world celebrating this day around the World.
In
World History 25th December is remarkable Day Because 23 years back
ie on 25th December 1991 one of the world’s superpower nation USSR (Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics) or Soviet Union has dissolved. In this
day the red colored Soviet Flag lowered
and the Tri colour Russian flag has hoisted at Kremlin . I heard this news when
I am studying at 3rd standard , I wondered how a nation will vanish
from the world map. From that day to this time I have used many references to
find out the causes of the disintegration. I reached in a conclusion that the
breakup happened not only due to one
reason. Both political and economic
causes are behind this. The Socialist world Blaming the last President of
Soviet Union Mr : Mikhail Gorbachev and his Liberal policies Perestroika and Glasnost
We
will go through some facts ie Why
Gorbachev Introduced Such liberal policies. For that we have to know about the
USSR and Gorbachev Era
USSR
(Soviet Union)
In
1922 A new country founded with Communist and socialist Ideology Under the
leadership of Mr: Vladimir Lenin by the Unification of 14 Neighboring Countries
with Russia. The Country Opted the Socialist ideas .at the time Stalin The
country undergone Communist autocratic rule and Iron curtain. Country is become
an opponent for the western capitalist countries. In these times Soviet
military was used to suppress the uprising
against the socialist governments in Poland and Hungary in 1950.
In
1979 Soviet Union Invaded Afghanistan , By this action the Western Countries
becomes against of USSR, The Western Countries under the leadership of USA
Given Armament Support to Afhgan
Mujahideen . Whole support flew to the Mujahideen through Pakistan. The Afghan movement is an absolute
foulplay done by USSR. Soviet union Lost around 15000 soldiers in the war. This
war and Chernobyl nuclear accident
lead a major financial crisis in USSR.
Gorbachev
Era
When
Gorbachev came to Power the country
facing so many economical political problems. The condition is worst , The Baltic States (Lithuania , Latvia &
Estonia) starts legal moves towards declaring sovereignity according to the
72 article of Soviet constitution
(Brezhnev Constitution) . therefore Gorbachev forced to do the economic
reforms , he thought that the country
will never achieve the growth only through socialist economy , He Introduced Two new Reforms Perestroika ( Restructuring) and Glasnost (Openness) . glasnost freed public access to information after
decades of heavy government censorship.
Before
Gorbachev the USSR presidents never mingle with the people
and they will not expose their face to public, Gorbachev is entirely
different , he believed in social
democracy he is against the iron curtain . Gorbachev always mingled with the
people. presidents elections of the republics are dramatic. The CPSU (Communist Party of Soviet Union) introduce
one candidate for the post of president and people had to vote this single
candidate. But these liberal reforms led to the nationalist and separatist
movements in the republics, he decided
to withdraw the army from Afghanistan and he refused to give military support
for the former soviet satellite countries which favoured revolutions of 1989 after
the fall of Berlin Wall the iron curtain came down.
On 7 April 1990, a law was passed allowing a republic to secede if more than two-thirds of its residents voted for it in a referendum. Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990
On 7 April 1990, a law was passed allowing a republic to secede if more than two-thirds of its residents voted for it in a referendum. Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990
On 12 June 1990, the Congress declared Russia's sovereignty over its territory and proceeded to pass laws that attempted to supersede some of the USSR's laws. In march 1990 Lithuania declared full independence from the Union. At the end of 90’sthe dispute between the Soviet Government and Russian Government reached at their peak , ultimately the Union facing big problems from it’s biggest republic.
A referendum for the preservation of the USSR was held on 17 March 1991 in nine republics (the remainder having boycotted the vote), with the majority of the population in those nine republics voting for preservation of the Union. The referendum gave Gorbachev a minor boost. In the summer of 1991, the New Union Treaty, which would have turned the Soviet Union into a much looser Union, was agreed upon by eight republic.
But the signing of this treaty interrupted by August Coup (coup d'état ) . The
Coup was organized by the hardline leaders of the soviet government and KGB ( Intelligence agency of USSR)
leaders. They declared that Gorbachev in an Unhealthy condition and he is on
treatment. Bit actually he was house arrested by Coup Leaders. But the coup is
is defeated by Yeltsin and the Russian nationalists. In August
1991, Latvia and Estonia immediately declared the restoration of their full
independence Gorbachev resigned as general secretary in late
August, and soon afterward the Party's activities were indefinitely
suspended—effectively ending its rule. By the fall, Gorbachev could no longer
influence events outside of Moscow, and he was being challenged even there by
Yeltsin, who had been elected President of Russia in July 1991.
The remaining 12 republics
continued discussing new, increasingly looser, models of the Union. However, by
December, all except Russia and Kazakhstan had
formally declared independence. During this time, Yeltsin took over what
remained of the Soviet government, including the Kremlin. The final blow was
struck on 1 December, when Ukraine, the second most powerful republic, voted
overwhelmingly for independence.
Ukraine's secession ended any realistic chance of the Soviet Union staying
together even on a limited scale.
In 23rd December
1991 the remaining 12 republics signed the Alma-Ata
Protocol to Dissolve Soviet Union
and form a Commonwealth Independence
states according to Belavezha Accords (Discussed in previuos Post) .
On 25 December 1991,
Gorbachev resigned as the President of the USSR, declaring the office extinct.
He turned the powers that had been vested in the presidency over to Yeltsin.
That night, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was
raised in its place. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26
December 1991, Russia was internationally recognized as its legal successor on
the international stage. To that end, Russia voluntarily accepted all Soviet
foreign debt and claimed overseas Soviet properties as its own. Under the 1992 Lisbon
Protocol, Russia also agreed to receive all nuclear weapons remaining
in the territory of other former Soviet republics. Since then, the Russian
Federation has assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations.
An Unbelievable thing happened the world
never thought that the breakup of Soviet Union is Possible
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